Haematological and Histopathological Examinations of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Paraquat
Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research,
Page 29-45
DOI:
10.9734/ajfar/2021/v15i630348
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the sub-lethal effects of paraquat on haematological parameters and histopathology of the gills, skin and liver of Clarias gariepinus juveniles of mean weight (38.26±1.20g) and length (17.50±1.55cm). The fish were exposed to 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of the 96hrsLC50 value of 107mg/l estimated from the 96 hours acute toxicity test. Blood samples were collected into heparinized tubes for the analyses of some haematological parameters, while the gills, skin and liver were also removed for histological examinations following standard procedures. The result revealed a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the values of red blood cells (RBCs), haemoglobin (Hgb), packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocytes indices from the control. The white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets (Plt) were however increasing significantly (P < 0.05) from those of the control as the test concentrations increased. The histology of the gills revealed some alterations such as epithelial proliferation, vacuolation of the mucus, hyperplasia of epithelial tissue of the gill filament, lifting and necrosis of the secondary lamellae. The exposed skin showed mucous cell proliferation, erosion of the epithelial lining, hypertrophy, necrosis of epithelial cells and widening of the epidermal and dermal layers. The liver exhibited cellular proliferation, sinusoid enlargement, congestion of the central vein, paranchymatous degeneration, vacuolar degeneration, pyknotic nucleic degeneration, legions and necrosis with severity as concentration of paraquat increases. The gills and skin were observed to be the most affected tissues in this study. The study also revealed that paraquat was toxic to C. gariepinus and causes some haematological and histopathological alterations in the fish blood and tissues at concentrations higher than 30mg/l. Therefore, the use of paraquat by farmers should be regulated particularly in area close to the aquatic environment.
Keywords:
- Sub-lethal
- blood
- tissues
- paraquat and African catfish.
How to Cite
Okey, I. B., Ekpenyong, J. J., & Inya, F. U. (2021). Haematological and Histopathological Examinations of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Sub-Lethal Concentrations of Paraquat. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 15(6), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2021/v15i630348
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Ladipo MK, Doherty VF, Oyebadejo SA. Acute Toxicity, Behavioural Changes and Histopathological Effect of Paraquat Dichloride on Tissues of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Biology. 2011;3:2.
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Seiyaboh EI, Inyang IR, Gijo AH, Adobeni GD. Acute Toxicity of Paraquat Dichloride on Blood Plasma Indices of Clariasgariepinus. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2013;7(6):15-17.
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Sanudi F, Indulkar S, Mzengereza K. Impact of Glyphosate Herbicide on Haematological Parameters of Koi Carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) Fingerlings. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2020;15:7-11.
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Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002440010185. PMid: 11443368.
Chen MF, Kumlin ME. Enteric septicemia of channel catfish in California. California fish and Game. 1989;75:141-147.
Williams JA, Nickol BB. Histological structure of the intestine and pyloric caeca of the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque. J. Fish. Biol. 1989;35:359-372.
Srivastava VMS, Tripathi RS, Saxena AK. Chromium induced histopathological changes in fishes of Puntius sophore (Hamilton). J. Biol. Res. 1982;2:67-68.
Adebayo IA, Akin-Obasola BJ, Bajulaye OM. Toxicological effect of diazinon on African catfish (Clarias anguillaris). IOSR Journal of Environmental Science. Toxicology and Food Technology. 2013;3(1):64-71.
Available:http:// dx.doi.org/10.9790/2402-0316471
Ayoola SO, Ajani EK. Histopathological effects of cypermethrin on juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). World Journal of Biological Research. 2008;1:1-14.
Ikele CB, Mgbenka BO, Oluah NS. Histopathological effects of diethyl phthalate on Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Animal Research International. 2011;8(3):1431-1438.
Ogueji EO, Ibrahim BU, Auta J. Histopathology of liver and gill of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) with swollen abdomen following exposure to acute and sub lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos-ethyl. International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2013;2(3): 223-229.
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Olojo EAA, Olurin KB, Mbaka G, Oluwemimo AD. Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005;4(1):117-122.
Reish DL, Oshida PS. Manual of methods in aquatic environment research, Part 10: short-term static bioassays. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1987;62.
Ochei JO, Kolhatkar AA. Medical Labouratory Science: Theory and practice. Tata McCraw – Hill publishing company limited 7 west Patel Nagar, New Delhi, India; 2003.
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