Phytochemcial Assessment of Persea americana Powdered Leaves and Its Potency in Protecting Clarias gariepinus against Klebsiella pneumonia
Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research,
Page 1-9
DOI:
10.9734/ajfar/2022/v16i630387
Abstract
The phytochemcial content of P. americana powdered leaves was assessed using ethanol extracts. The potency of the powdered leaves was assessed by exposing C. gariepinus fed different levels of the dietary powdered leaves (Do: 0% leaves inclusion; D1: 3% leaves inclusion; D2: 6% leaves inclusion; D3: 9% leaves inclusion and D4: 12% leaves inclusion diets) for eight weeks to K. pneumonia via intrapretoneal injection. The fish were injected after the 8 weeks feeding at day 1, 7, 14 and 21. The haematological parameters and microbial load (antibacterial activities) of the infected fish organs were assessed 28 days after the first injection. The ethanol extracts of the P. americana leaves powder revealed the following phytochemicals: phenol, carotenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin, steroids, coumarine and proanthocyanidin in varying quantities. The haematological parameters in the infected fish compared to the control Do indicated that there were improved Pack cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Red blood cells (RBC) in fish fed D2-D4 compared to the fish fed Do (control). The white blood cells (WBC), the lymphocytes, Monocytes and Eosinophils were higher (P>0.05) in the fish fed Do compared to the fish fed D1-D4. The Red blood indices (MCH, MCHC and MCV) fluctuated in values across the diets, but were higher in fish fed D1. The microbial load was higher (P<0.05) in the organs (Kidney, spleen, liver and blood) of the fish fed Do compared to the rest, and the effect was dose dependent. The results showed that P. americana powdered leaves improved the haematological and antibacterial activities of the experimental fish.
Keywords:
- Acquaculture
- fish health
- Persea americana
- Klebisiella pneumonia
- C. gariepinus
How to Cite
Ukwe, I. O. K., & Deekae, S. N. (2022). Phytochemcial Assessment of Persea americana Powdered Leaves and Its Potency in Protecting Clarias gariepinus against Klebsiella pneumonia. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 16(6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2022/v16i630387
References
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Ukwe OIK, Edun OM, Akinrotimi OA. Aquaculture and Fisheries: A Recipy for Job creation and Health challenges. International Journal of Research under literal Access. 2018a ;1(4):12-20.
Otene BB, Ukwe OIK. Evolution of Heavy metals Accumulation in water and sediment from Elechi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management. 2018; 4(1):1-9.
Ukwe OIK, Edun OM, Akinrotimi OA. Growth and Microbial indices in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larva fed formulated and commercial diets. Journal of Fisheries and Science. 2018b; 12(2):001-008.
Ukwe IOK, Gabriel UU. Herbs and Herbal supplements: Key to a productive, Healthy and Eco-friendly aquaculture. Delta Agriculturist. 2019;11(1/1):55 – 67.
Ukwe OIK, Abey IS, Akinrotimi OA. Behavioural and Haematological changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infected Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Carica Papaya Roots Extracts. Hematology Asian Research Journal. 2021;5(1):20-33.
Puycha K, Yuangsoi B, Charoenwanttanasak S, Wongmaneeprateep S, Niamphithak P, Wiriyapattanasub. Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf supplementation on growth performance and feed utilization of Bocourti catfish (Pangasiusocourtis). Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2017;23:1-6.
Ukwe IOK, Vopnu FB. Disease Resistance and Enzymatic changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Clarias gariepinus treated with carica papaya root extracts. Journal of Medicial care Research and Review 1-6. 2021;2589-8949/(P):2589–8930.
Jamabo NA, Dienye HE. Growth and Performance of Clarias gariepinus fed different commercial feeds. Journal of Natural Science Research. 2017;7(6):125-129.
Ogundare AO, Oladejo BO. Antibacterial Activities of the leaf and Bark Extract of Persea americana. American Journal of Ethnomedicine. 2014;1(1):64-71.
Ukwe IOK, Gabriel UU, Abu OMG. Periodical Evaluation of the Haematology of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed Dietary Powdered Avocado Peer (Persea americana) leaves Global Scientific Journals. 2020a;8(9):1627-1641.
Ukwe IOK, Gabriel UU, Deekae. Assessment of Dietary Powdered Avocado Peer (Persea americana) leaves on Growth Performance and Survival of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Global Scienfic Journals. 2020b;8(8):1612–1626.
Lee DH, Ra CS, Song YH, Sung KI, Kim JD. Effects of dietary garlic extract on growth, feed utilization and Whole body composition of juvenile starlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Asian Australian Journal of Anima Science. 2012;25(4):577–583.
Asadi MS, Mirvaghefei AR, Nematollahi MA, Banace M, Ahmadi K. Effects of Watercress (Nasturtium nasturtium) extract on selected immunological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykss) Open Veterinary Journal. 2012;2:32-39.
Wahua TAT. Applied statistics for scientific studies. Africa links books. Aba, Nigeria. 1999;365.
Lucky E, Jonathan I. Antibacterial Activity of Persia Americana Leaf Extracts Against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Isolates. American Association of Science and Technology. Journal of Biosciences. 2017;3(4):29-34.
Rahman N, Dewi NU, Bohari. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Leaf Extract (P. americana mill) Asian Journal of Scientific Research. 2018;11(3):357-366.
Kumala S, Utami H, Sari WK. The effect of Avocado (P. americana mill) leaves Extract towards the Mouse’s Blood Glucose Decrease with the Glucose Tolerance Method. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013;4(2):661–665.
Gomez-Flores R, ARzate-Quintana C, Quintanilla-Licea R, Ramez-Guerra P, Tamez-Guerra R, Monreal-Cuevas E, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Antimicrobial Activity of P. americana mill (Lauraceae) (Avocado) and Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng). Less (Asteraceae) leaf Extracts and Active Fractors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. American-Eurasian Journal of Science Research. 2008;3(2):188-194.
Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Wastom DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Bioactive compounds from plant Extracts. Baseel Journal. 2017;6(4):42–44.
Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya PA. Asparagus root regulates cholesterol metabolism and improves antioxidant status in hypercholesteremic rats Evidence Based Complement. Alternative Medicine. 2009;6:219-226.
Aggarwal BB, Piasad S, Reuter S, Kannuopan R, Yadav VR. Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from Ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases: Reverse pharamacology and bedside to bench approach Current Drug Targets. 2011;12:1595-1653.
Southern S, Wright AJA, Price KR, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Fenwick GR. The effect of three types of saponin on iron and zink absortioin from a sing mill in rat Brazikan Journal of Nutrition. 1988;59:389-396.
Olaniyan MF. Effect of liquid Extract of Pear Avocado Leaf (Persea americana) on Plasma levels of Aminotransferases, cholesterol and Total Bile Acids in Hypertensive Patients. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Science. 2014;4(3):87-91.
Boeing JS, Barizao EO, Esilva BC, Montanher PF, Almedia VD, Visentainer JV. Evaluation of Solvent effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities from berriers: Application of principal component analysis. Chemistry Central Journal. 2014;8(1):1-9.
Snyder LR, Kirkland JJ, Glajch JL. Pracical HPLC method Development. 2nd Edition, John Willey and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A; 1997.
Ukwe IOK, Jamabo NA, Effect of dietary mango barks on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Infected with Psuedomonas aeruginosa. World Journal of Fish and Marine Science. 2020; 12(3):74-80.
Adeyemi JA. Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities in the African catfish. Clarias gariepinus, experimentally challenged with Eshenchina coliarod vibro fischeri. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2014;40:347-354.
Yu JH, Han JJ, Park SW. Haematological and biochemical alterations in Korean catfish Sihirus asotus, experimentally infected with Edwardsiella tarda. Aquaculture Research. 2010;41(2):295–302.
Sebastiao FA, Nomura D, Sakabe R., Pilarski F. Hematology and Productive Performance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) naturally infected with Flavobacterius Columnare. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2011;42:282–289.
Rajendiran A, Natarajan E, Subramania P. Control of A hydrophila infection in spoted snake head, Channa punctatus by Solanum nigrum L. a medicinal plant. Journal of the World Aquacultural Society. 2008;39(3):375–382.
Sivagurunathan A, Innocent BX, Saraswathi SG, Mariappan A. Immunostimulatory Potential Dietary Amila (Phyllanthus emblica) in Growth and Haematology of Tilapia Mossambicus Challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012;3(7):165-168.
Joshi PK, Harish D, Bose M. Effect of Lindane and Malathione exposure to certain blood parameters in a fresh water teleost fish clarias batrachus. Pollution Research. 2002;21(1):55–57.
Awe FA, Hammed AM, Akinyemi AA, Whenu OO, Olanloye OA. Antibacterial Activities of Mango leaf (Manifera indica) Extracts on catfish clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2019;13(1):28-36.
Fadi SE, Barak M, Elogohari M. Biochemical studying of Anabaena (Cyanobacteria) on Nile Tilapia. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2013; 39:91–104.
Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Vaucher RA, Lopes LQS, Vizzotto BS. In vivo bactericidal effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil against Aeromonas hydrophila. Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) as an experimental model. Microbiology and Pathology. 2016;98:82-87.
Innocent BX, Fatima MSA, Dhanalakshmi. Studies on the Immunostimulant activity of Coriandrum Sativum and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in catla. Journal Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011; 1(7):132–135.
Sales CH, Souza PR, Peghini BC, Da Silver JS, Cardoso CR. An overview of the modulatory effects of Oleic acid in health and diseases. Mini-reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;13:1-11.
Oyeyemi AO, Oyeyemi RB. Effect of Aqueous of the leaves and seeds of Avocado pear (Persea americana) on some Marker Enzymes and Cholesterol in Albino Rat Tissues. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and food Technology. 2015;9 (3):15-18.
Jagadeeswaram P, Gregory M, Day K, Cykowski M, Thattaliyath B. Zebrafish: A genetic model for hemostasis and thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Heamostasis. 2005;3(1):46-53.
Etim L, Ekanem SB, Utim A. Haematological profile of two species of catfish, Chrystcthys nigrodigitatus and Chrysicthys furcatus from the great Kwa River, Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science. 1999;5(1):1– 8.
Sivaram V, Babu MM, Citarasu T, Immanuel G. Murugadass S, Mariam MP. Growth and Immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tavivina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against Vibro harveyi infections. Aquaculture. 2004;237:9-20.
Bello OS, Olaifa FE, Emikpe BO, Ogunbanwo ST. The effect of walnut (Tetracarpidium conopolhorum) leaf and onion (Allium cepa) bulb reduces on tissue bacteriological changes of Clarias gariepinus juviniles. Bulletin of Animal Health and Protection in Africa. 2012;60(2):205-212.
Reverter M, Bontemps N, Lecchini D, Banaigs B, Sasal P. Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspective. Aquaculture. 2014;433:50–61.
Ardo L, Yin G, Xu P, Varadi L, Szigeti G, Jeney Z. Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaeus & lonicera japonica) and bofon enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and resistance agains A. hydrophila. Aquaculture. 2008;275:26-33.
Tewary A, Patra BC. Use of vitamin C as an immunostimulant – effect on growth, nutrititional quality and immune response of labeo rohita (Ham.) Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2008;34:251-259.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The state of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2014. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Vialedelle Terme di Caracalla. 00153 Rome, Italy; 2014.
Ukwe OIK, Edun OM, Akinrotimi OA. Aquaculture and Fisheries: A Recipy for Job creation and Health challenges. International Journal of Research under literal Access. 2018a ;1(4):12-20.
Otene BB, Ukwe OIK. Evolution of Heavy metals Accumulation in water and sediment from Elechi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. International Journal of Geography and Environmental Management. 2018; 4(1):1-9.
Ukwe OIK, Edun OM, Akinrotimi OA. Growth and Microbial indices in African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larva fed formulated and commercial diets. Journal of Fisheries and Science. 2018b; 12(2):001-008.
Ukwe IOK, Gabriel UU. Herbs and Herbal supplements: Key to a productive, Healthy and Eco-friendly aquaculture. Delta Agriculturist. 2019;11(1/1):55 – 67.
Ukwe OIK, Abey IS, Akinrotimi OA. Behavioural and Haematological changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infected Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Carica Papaya Roots Extracts. Hematology Asian Research Journal. 2021;5(1):20-33.
Puycha K, Yuangsoi B, Charoenwanttanasak S, Wongmaneeprateep S, Niamphithak P, Wiriyapattanasub. Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf supplementation on growth performance and feed utilization of Bocourti catfish (Pangasiusocourtis). Agriculture and Natural Resources. 2017;23:1-6.
Ukwe IOK, Vopnu FB. Disease Resistance and Enzymatic changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infected Clarias gariepinus treated with carica papaya root extracts. Journal of Medicial care Research and Review 1-6. 2021;2589-8949/(P):2589–8930.
Jamabo NA, Dienye HE. Growth and Performance of Clarias gariepinus fed different commercial feeds. Journal of Natural Science Research. 2017;7(6):125-129.
Ogundare AO, Oladejo BO. Antibacterial Activities of the leaf and Bark Extract of Persea americana. American Journal of Ethnomedicine. 2014;1(1):64-71.
Ukwe IOK, Gabriel UU, Abu OMG. Periodical Evaluation of the Haematology of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed Dietary Powdered Avocado Peer (Persea americana) leaves Global Scientific Journals. 2020a;8(9):1627-1641.
Ukwe IOK, Gabriel UU, Deekae. Assessment of Dietary Powdered Avocado Peer (Persea americana) leaves on Growth Performance and Survival of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Global Scienfic Journals. 2020b;8(8):1612–1626.
Lee DH, Ra CS, Song YH, Sung KI, Kim JD. Effects of dietary garlic extract on growth, feed utilization and Whole body composition of juvenile starlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). Asian Australian Journal of Anima Science. 2012;25(4):577–583.
Asadi MS, Mirvaghefei AR, Nematollahi MA, Banace M, Ahmadi K. Effects of Watercress (Nasturtium nasturtium) extract on selected immunological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykss) Open Veterinary Journal. 2012;2:32-39.
Wahua TAT. Applied statistics for scientific studies. Africa links books. Aba, Nigeria. 1999;365.
Lucky E, Jonathan I. Antibacterial Activity of Persia Americana Leaf Extracts Against Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Isolates. American Association of Science and Technology. Journal of Biosciences. 2017;3(4):29-34.
Rahman N, Dewi NU, Bohari. Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activity of Avocado Leaf Extract (P. americana mill) Asian Journal of Scientific Research. 2018;11(3):357-366.
Kumala S, Utami H, Sari WK. The effect of Avocado (P. americana mill) leaves Extract towards the Mouse’s Blood Glucose Decrease with the Glucose Tolerance Method. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. 2013;4(2):661–665.
Gomez-Flores R, ARzate-Quintana C, Quintanilla-Licea R, Ramez-Guerra P, Tamez-Guerra R, Monreal-Cuevas E, Rodriguez-Padilla C. Antimicrobial Activity of P. americana mill (Lauraceae) (Avocado) and Gymnosperma glutinosum (Spreng). Less (Asteraceae) leaf Extracts and Active Fractors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. American-Eurasian Journal of Science Research. 2008;3(2):188-194.
Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Wastom DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Bioactive compounds from plant Extracts. Baseel Journal. 2017;6(4):42–44.
Visavadiya NP, Narasimhacharya PA. Asparagus root regulates cholesterol metabolism and improves antioxidant status in hypercholesteremic rats Evidence Based Complement. Alternative Medicine. 2009;6:219-226.
Aggarwal BB, Piasad S, Reuter S, Kannuopan R, Yadav VR. Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from Ayurvedic medicine for prevention of chronic diseases: Reverse pharamacology and bedside to bench approach Current Drug Targets. 2011;12:1595-1653.
Southern S, Wright AJA, Price KR, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Fenwick GR. The effect of three types of saponin on iron and zink absortioin from a sing mill in rat Brazikan Journal of Nutrition. 1988;59:389-396.
Olaniyan MF. Effect of liquid Extract of Pear Avocado Leaf (Persea americana) on Plasma levels of Aminotransferases, cholesterol and Total Bile Acids in Hypertensive Patients. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Science. 2014;4(3):87-91.
Boeing JS, Barizao EO, Esilva BC, Montanher PF, Almedia VD, Visentainer JV. Evaluation of Solvent effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities from berriers: Application of principal component analysis. Chemistry Central Journal. 2014;8(1):1-9.
Snyder LR, Kirkland JJ, Glajch JL. Pracical HPLC method Development. 2nd Edition, John Willey and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, U.S.A; 1997.
Ukwe IOK, Jamabo NA, Effect of dietary mango barks on Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Infected with Psuedomonas aeruginosa. World Journal of Fish and Marine Science. 2020; 12(3):74-80.
Adeyemi JA. Oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes activities in the African catfish. Clarias gariepinus, experimentally challenged with Eshenchina coliarod vibro fischeri. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2014;40:347-354.
Yu JH, Han JJ, Park SW. Haematological and biochemical alterations in Korean catfish Sihirus asotus, experimentally infected with Edwardsiella tarda. Aquaculture Research. 2010;41(2):295–302.
Sebastiao FA, Nomura D, Sakabe R., Pilarski F. Hematology and Productive Performance of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) naturally infected with Flavobacterius Columnare. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 2011;42:282–289.
Rajendiran A, Natarajan E, Subramania P. Control of A hydrophila infection in spoted snake head, Channa punctatus by Solanum nigrum L. a medicinal plant. Journal of the World Aquacultural Society. 2008;39(3):375–382.
Sivagurunathan A, Innocent BX, Saraswathi SG, Mariappan A. Immunostimulatory Potential Dietary Amila (Phyllanthus emblica) in Growth and Haematology of Tilapia Mossambicus Challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012;3(7):165-168.
Joshi PK, Harish D, Bose M. Effect of Lindane and Malathione exposure to certain blood parameters in a fresh water teleost fish clarias batrachus. Pollution Research. 2002;21(1):55–57.
Awe FA, Hammed AM, Akinyemi AA, Whenu OO, Olanloye OA. Antibacterial Activities of Mango leaf (Manifera indica) Extracts on catfish clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2019;13(1):28-36.
Fadi SE, Barak M, Elogohari M. Biochemical studying of Anabaena (Cyanobacteria) on Nile Tilapia. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2013; 39:91–104.
Souza CF, Baldissera MD, Vaucher RA, Lopes LQS, Vizzotto BS. In vivo bactericidal effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil against Aeromonas hydrophila. Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) as an experimental model. Microbiology and Pathology. 2016;98:82-87.
Innocent BX, Fatima MSA, Dhanalakshmi. Studies on the Immunostimulant activity of Coriandrum Sativum and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in catla. Journal Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2011; 1(7):132–135.
Sales CH, Souza PR, Peghini BC, Da Silver JS, Cardoso CR. An overview of the modulatory effects of Oleic acid in health and diseases. Mini-reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2013;13:1-11.
Oyeyemi AO, Oyeyemi RB. Effect of Aqueous of the leaves and seeds of Avocado pear (Persea americana) on some Marker Enzymes and Cholesterol in Albino Rat Tissues. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and food Technology. 2015;9 (3):15-18.
Jagadeeswaram P, Gregory M, Day K, Cykowski M, Thattaliyath B. Zebrafish: A genetic model for hemostasis and thrombosis. Journal of Thrombosis and Heamostasis. 2005;3(1):46-53.
Etim L, Ekanem SB, Utim A. Haematological profile of two species of catfish, Chrystcthys nigrodigitatus and Chrysicthys furcatus from the great Kwa River, Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science. 1999;5(1):1– 8.
Sivaram V, Babu MM, Citarasu T, Immanuel G. Murugadass S, Mariam MP. Growth and Immune response of juvenile greasy groupers (Epinephelus tavivina) fed with herbal antibacterial active principle supplemented diets against Vibro harveyi infections. Aquaculture. 2004;237:9-20.
Bello OS, Olaifa FE, Emikpe BO, Ogunbanwo ST. The effect of walnut (Tetracarpidium conopolhorum) leaf and onion (Allium cepa) bulb reduces on tissue bacteriological changes of Clarias gariepinus juviniles. Bulletin of Animal Health and Protection in Africa. 2012;60(2):205-212.
Reverter M, Bontemps N, Lecchini D, Banaigs B, Sasal P. Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspective. Aquaculture. 2014;433:50–61.
Ardo L, Yin G, Xu P, Varadi L, Szigeti G, Jeney Z. Chinese herbs (Astragalus membranaeus & lonicera japonica) and bofon enhance the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) and resistance agains A. hydrophila. Aquaculture. 2008;275:26-33.
Tewary A, Patra BC. Use of vitamin C as an immunostimulant – effect on growth, nutrititional quality and immune response of labeo rohita (Ham.) Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 2008;34:251-259.
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