Stock Expectations and Virtual Population Analysis of Three Mullets Species in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq
Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research,
Page 28-41
DOI:
10.9734/ajfar/2022/v17i230399
Abstract
The research was conducted as many as 456 individuals of Planiliza abu, 500 individuals of P. klunzengeri and 600 individuals of P. subviridis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the frequency of fish lengths to determine stock expectations and analyze species population estimates using the VPA (Virtual Population Analysis) Method in the Shatt Al-Arab River from November 2015 to October 2016 using the FiSAT II program. The results showed that the growth patterns of the three species were negative allometric. The values of L∞ for the three species were 21.2, 27.0 and 29.3 cm, respectively. The rates of total mortality (Z), fishing (F), natural (M) and exploitation (E) for P. abu were 2.69, 1.09, 1.60 and 0.59, P. klunzengeri 2.49, 1.08, 1.41 and 0.57 and P. subviridis 1.51, 0.84, 0.68 and 0.45, respectively. The present exploitation rates (E) for all species are lower than the biological target reference points expressing a case of under-exploitation of the species. VPA showed that the maximum fishing mortality for the three species occurred in the mid-lengths, with maximum values at the length of 15 cm for P. abu and 17 cm for P. klunzengeri and P. subviridis. The mullets species catches have not met the criteria for good management (Lc50< Lm50), indicating that the fish may be vulnerable to capture before they mature. Accordingly, the present study proposes that the officials in fishery management can get more by yields through increasing the fishing activities on these species but must be matching the mesh sizes with the fishing recommendation to assure resource availability and sustainability.
Keywords:
- Mullets
- stock predictions
- virtual population analysis
- Shatt Al-Arab river
- Iraq
How to Cite
Mohamed, A.-R. M. (2022). Stock Expectations and Virtual Population Analysis of Three Mullets Species in the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 17(2), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2022/v17i230399
References
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Mohamed ARM, Abood AN, Hussein SA. Comparative taxonomy study of four mullet species (Mugilidae) from Iraqi marine waters, Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 2016; 29(2):11-20.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN, Hussein SA. Taxonomy Study of Planiliza (Liza) abu in Garmat Ali River, Iraq. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. 2018;19(1):11-20.
Durand JD, Chen WJ, Shen KN, Fu C, Borsa P. Genus-level taxonomic changes implied by the mitochondrial phylogeny of grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2012; 335:687-697.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN. Current status of Iraqi artisanal marine fisheries in northwest of the Arabian Gulf of Iraq. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 2020;5(4):457-464.
Baharti V. Virtual population analysis. In: A. Gopalakrishnan A, editor. Advanced Methods for Fish Stock Assessment and Fisheries Management. Eds. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India; 2017.
Dadzie S, Manyala JO, Abou-Seedo F. Aspects of the population dynamics of Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwait Bay. Cybium. 2005;29(1):13-20.
Hakimelahi M, Kamrani E, Taghavi Motlagh SA, Ghodrati Shojaei M, Vahabnezhad A. Growth parameters and mortality rates of Liza klunzingeri in the Iranian waters of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf and Oman Sea, using Length Frequency Data. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 2010;9(1):87-96.
Hakimelahi M, Taghavi Motlagh SA, Vahabnezhad A. Studies on the population dynamic and biology of Klunzinger's mullet (Liza klunzingeri) in Persian (Arabian) Gulf and Oman Sea. INOC-CNRS, International Conference on “Land-Sea Interactions in the Coastal Zone” Jounieh, Lebanon, 06-08 November, 2012.
Mohd Rosli NA, Population biology of greenback grey mullet, Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in Merbok estuary, Kedah, Malaysia. MSc. thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 2012.
Mohamed ARM. Stock assessment of freshwater mullet, Liza abu populations in the three restored southern marshes, Iraq. Croatian Journal of Fisheries. 2014;72:48–54.
Djumanto MG, Setyobudi E. Population dynamics of green backmullet Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in estuary of Opak River-Yogyakart. Indonesian Journal of Ichthyology. 2015;15(1):13-24
Rahman MAU, Mohanchander P, Lyla PS, Ajmal Khan S. Growth and Stock Estimation of Greenback Mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from Parangipettai Waters (Southeast Coast of India). Thalassas.2016;32:43–50.
Al-Hassani AH, Mohamed ARM. Population dynamics of Klunzinger's mullet, Planiliza klunzingeri (Day, 1888) from northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 2021;13(4):25-36.
Mohamed ARM, Al-Hassani AH. Growth, mortality and stock assessment of greenback mullet, Planiliza subviridis from northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 2021;6(2):142-148.
Gayanilo FCJr, Sparre P, Pauly D. FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools II (FiSAT II). Revised version. User's guide. FAO Comp. Info. Ser. (Fisheries). 2005;8:1-168.
Brandimarte L, Popescu I, Neamah NK. Analysis of fresh-saline water interface at the Shatt Al-Arab estuary. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2015;13:17-25.
Yaseen BR, Al-Asaady KA, Kazem AA, Chaichan MT. Environmental Impacts of Salt Tide in Shatt Al-Arab-Basra/Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2016; 10:35-43.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN. Compositional change in fish assemblage structure in Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 2017;5(5):944-958.
Abdullah AD, Karim UFA, Masih I, Popescu I, Zaag PV. Anthropogenic and tidal influences on salinity levels of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Basra, Iraq. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2016;14:357-366.
Güçlü SS, Küçük F. Length-Weight Relationship of 15 Different Freshwater Fish Species in the Gediz River Basin (Turkey) Lentic System. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research. 2021; 7(2):166-170.
Indarjo A, Salim G, Nugraeni CD, Zein M, Ransangan J, Prakoso LY, Anggoro S. Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, mortality and growth condition of natural stock of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the estuarine systems of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas.2021;22(2):846-857. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220239
Pauly D. Some simple methods for assessment of tropical fish stocks. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 1983;234:52.
Pauly D. On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. CIEM. 1980;39(3):175-192.
Beverton RJH, Holt SJ. Manual of methods for fish stock assessment. Part II. Fish. Biol. Tech. Pap. 1966;38:10-67.
Pauly D, Soriano ML. Some practical extensions to Beverton and Holt's relative yield-per-recruit model. In: Maclean JL. Dizon LB, Hosillo LV. editors. The First Asian Fisheries Forum. 1986;491-496.
Cadima EL. Fish stock assessment manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 393. Rome, FAO. 2003;161p.
Jones R, van Zalinge NP. Estimations of mortality rate and population size for shrimp in Kuwait waters. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science.1981;2:273-288.
Riedel R, Caskey LM, Hurlbert SH. Length-weight relations and growth rates of dominant fishes of the Salton Sea: implications for predation by fish-eating birds. Lake and Reservoir Management. 2007;23:528-535.
Doğu Z, Şahinoz E, Faruk Aral F, Şevik R. The growth characteristics of Liza (Mugil) abu (Heckel, 1843) in Atatürk Dam Lake. African Journal of Agricultural Researches. 2013;8(34):4434-4440.
Shadi A, Mediseh SD, Kouchanian P, Gandomi Y. Length-weight relationships for 6 fish species from Khuzestan (North of Persian Gulf), Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 2011;3:129-131.
Baloch AB, Ahmed Q, Mohammad Ali Q. Length-weight relationships and condition factors of greenback mullet Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) collected Damb Harbour, Balochistan coast, from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences. 2015;24(1&2):51-60.
Zolkhiflee NB. Distribution of greenback grey mullet, Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in relation to environment parameters of Pinang River Estuary, Balik Pulau, Penang, Malaysia. MSc. thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 2016.
Ay S, Gülnaz Özcan G. Some aspects of the biology of Abu mullet Liza abu (Heckel, 1843) in the Orontes River, Turkey. Croatian Journal of Fisheries. 2016;74:49-55.
Birecikligil S, Seçer B, Kelleci M, Aras E, Çiçek E. Determination of some population dynamical parameters of Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) from Ceyhan River basin. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;13(1):58-65.
Bilici S. The length-weight relationship and condition factor of two fish species Planiliza abu and Silurus triostegus from the Tigris River before the construction of the Ilisu and Cizre dams on the river. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2021;30(3):3032-3038.
Cuadrado JT, Lim DS, Alcontin RMS, Calang JL, Jumawan JC. Species composition and length-weight relationship of twelve fish species in the two lakes of Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. FishTaxa. 2019;4(1):1-8.
Pachla LA, Hartmann PB, Massaro MV, dos Santos T, Antonetti DA, Reynalte-Tataje DA. The length-weight relationship of four fish species captured in the Ibicuí River, southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 2020;36:383-385. DOI:10.1111/jai.14017.
Tetelepta JMS, Natan Y, Pattikawa JA, Bernardus AS. Population parameters and sustainable status of lompa fish Thryssa baelama (Forsskal, 1775) manage through sasi approach at Haruku Village. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2022;25(2):101-116. Doi.org/10.47853/FAS.2022.e10
Unlü E, Balcı K, Meriç N. Aspects of the biology of Liza abu (Mugilidae) in the Tigris River (Turkey). Cybium. 2000;24(1):27-43.
Mohamed ARM, Al-Jubouri MOA. Fish assemblage structure in Al-Diwaniya River, middle of Iraq. Asian Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 2017;6(4):10-20.
Mohamed ARM, Hussain SA, Saleh JH. The biology of Green Back Grey mullet Liza subviridis in the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica. 1998;13(2):375-385.
Bartulovic V, Glamuzina B, Conides A, Dulcic J, Lucic D, Njire J, Kozul V. Age, growth, mortality and sex ratio of sand smelt, Atherina boyeri, Risso, 1810 (Pisces: Atherinidae) in the estuary of the Mala Neretva River (Middle-Eastern Adriatic, Croatia). Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 2004;20:427-430.
Wootton RJ. Growth: environmental effects. In: Farrell AP, editor. Encyclopedia of fish physiology: from genome to environment. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, United States. 2011.
Panda D, Mohanty SK, Pattnaik,AK, Das S, Karna SK. Growth, mortality and stock status of mullets (Mugilidae) in Chilika Lake, India. Lakes & Reservoirs. 2018; 2018: 1-13.
Jenning S, Kasier M, Reynold J. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2000;391p.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA, Mutlak FM. Stock Assessment of four fish species in East Hammar marsh, Iraq. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 2016;4(3):620- 627.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA, Mutlak FM. Stock Assessment of Greenback mullet, Liza subviridis in East Hammar marsh, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2013;26(1):315-327.
Collie JS, Gislason H. Biological reference points for fish stocks in a multispecies context. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2001;58:2167-2176. DOI:10.1139/F01-158
Shepherd JG, Pope JP. Dynamic pool models I: Interpreting the past using Virtual Population Analysis. In: Hart PJB, Reynolds JD, editors. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries. Vol. 2. Fisheries. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. 2002.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN. Population dynamics of three mullets species (Mugilidae) from the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2020;13(9):22-31.
Almeidaa ZS, Carvalhob IFS, Dinizb ALC, Netaa RNFC, Torresc CL Serra IMRS. Models of sexual maturation as a tool for the conservation of commercial fish in a RAMSAR site of Brazil. Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings. November 2018. DOI: 10.1063/1.5079159
Abou-Seedo FS, Dadzie S. Reproductive cycle in the male and female grey mullet, Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwaiti water of the Arabian Gulf. Cybium. 2004;28:97-104.
Hashemi SR, Kashi M, Safikhani H. Study at the reproductive cycle, GSI and maturation of Liza Klunzingeri in Khuzestan coastal waters. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences. 2013;2(2):35- 39.
Al-Daham NK, Wahab NK. Age, growth and reproduction of the greenback mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), in an estuary in Southern Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology. 1991;38:81-88.
Ashiq Ur Rahman M, Mohanchander P, Lyla PS, Ajmal Khan S. Reproductive characteristics of greenback mullets, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from Parangipettai waters (southeast coast of India). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology. 2015;3(3):240-250.
Udoh JP, Ukpatu JE. First estimates of growth, recruitment pattern and length-at-first-capture of Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898) in Okoro River estuary, southeast Nigeria. AACL Bioflux. 2017;10(5):1074-1084.
King MM. Fisheries Biology, Assessment and Management. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2007.
Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN, Fong JD. Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes. Species by family/subfamily. http://researcharchive. calacademy. org/research/ichthyology/ catalog/ SpeciesByFamily.asp). Online Version, Updated 8 March 2022.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN, Hussein SA. Comparative taxonomy study of four mullet species (Mugilidae) from Iraqi marine waters, Arabian Gulf. Basrah Journal of Agriculture Sciences. 2016; 29(2):11-20.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN, Hussein SA. Taxonomy Study of Planiliza (Liza) abu in Garmat Ali River, Iraq. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. 2018;19(1):11-20.
Durand JD, Chen WJ, Shen KN, Fu C, Borsa P. Genus-level taxonomic changes implied by the mitochondrial phylogeny of grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugilidae). Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2012; 335:687-697.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN. Current status of Iraqi artisanal marine fisheries in northwest of the Arabian Gulf of Iraq. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 2020;5(4):457-464.
Baharti V. Virtual population analysis. In: A. Gopalakrishnan A, editor. Advanced Methods for Fish Stock Assessment and Fisheries Management. Eds. Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India; 2017.
Dadzie S, Manyala JO, Abou-Seedo F. Aspects of the population dynamics of Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwait Bay. Cybium. 2005;29(1):13-20.
Hakimelahi M, Kamrani E, Taghavi Motlagh SA, Ghodrati Shojaei M, Vahabnezhad A. Growth parameters and mortality rates of Liza klunzingeri in the Iranian waters of the Persian (Arabian) Gulf and Oman Sea, using Length Frequency Data. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences. 2010;9(1):87-96.
Hakimelahi M, Taghavi Motlagh SA, Vahabnezhad A. Studies on the population dynamic and biology of Klunzinger's mullet (Liza klunzingeri) in Persian (Arabian) Gulf and Oman Sea. INOC-CNRS, International Conference on “Land-Sea Interactions in the Coastal Zone” Jounieh, Lebanon, 06-08 November, 2012.
Mohd Rosli NA, Population biology of greenback grey mullet, Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in Merbok estuary, Kedah, Malaysia. MSc. thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 2012.
Mohamed ARM. Stock assessment of freshwater mullet, Liza abu populations in the three restored southern marshes, Iraq. Croatian Journal of Fisheries. 2014;72:48–54.
Djumanto MG, Setyobudi E. Population dynamics of green backmullet Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in estuary of Opak River-Yogyakart. Indonesian Journal of Ichthyology. 2015;15(1):13-24
Rahman MAU, Mohanchander P, Lyla PS, Ajmal Khan S. Growth and Stock Estimation of Greenback Mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from Parangipettai Waters (Southeast Coast of India). Thalassas.2016;32:43–50.
Al-Hassani AH, Mohamed ARM. Population dynamics of Klunzinger's mullet, Planiliza klunzingeri (Day, 1888) from northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 2021;13(4):25-36.
Mohamed ARM, Al-Hassani AH. Growth, mortality and stock assessment of greenback mullet, Planiliza subviridis from northwest Arabian Gulf, Iraq. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science. 2021;6(2):142-148.
Gayanilo FCJr, Sparre P, Pauly D. FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools II (FiSAT II). Revised version. User's guide. FAO Comp. Info. Ser. (Fisheries). 2005;8:1-168.
Brandimarte L, Popescu I, Neamah NK. Analysis of fresh-saline water interface at the Shatt Al-Arab estuary. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2015;13:17-25.
Yaseen BR, Al-Asaady KA, Kazem AA, Chaichan MT. Environmental Impacts of Salt Tide in Shatt Al-Arab-Basra/Iraq. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2016; 10:35-43.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN. Compositional change in fish assemblage structure in Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 2017;5(5):944-958.
Abdullah AD, Karim UFA, Masih I, Popescu I, Zaag PV. Anthropogenic and tidal influences on salinity levels of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Basra, Iraq. International Journal of River Basin Management. 2016;14:357-366.
Güçlü SS, Küçük F. Length-Weight Relationship of 15 Different Freshwater Fish Species in the Gediz River Basin (Turkey) Lentic System. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research. 2021; 7(2):166-170.
Indarjo A, Salim G, Nugraeni CD, Zein M, Ransangan J, Prakoso LY, Anggoro S. Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, mortality and growth condition of natural stock of Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the estuarine systems of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas.2021;22(2):846-857. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220239
Pauly D. Some simple methods for assessment of tropical fish stocks. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. 1983;234:52.
Pauly D. On the interrelationships between natural mortality, growth parameters and mean environmental temperature in 175 fish stocks. J. Cons. CIEM. 1980;39(3):175-192.
Beverton RJH, Holt SJ. Manual of methods for fish stock assessment. Part II. Fish. Biol. Tech. Pap. 1966;38:10-67.
Pauly D, Soriano ML. Some practical extensions to Beverton and Holt's relative yield-per-recruit model. In: Maclean JL. Dizon LB, Hosillo LV. editors. The First Asian Fisheries Forum. 1986;491-496.
Cadima EL. Fish stock assessment manual. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 393. Rome, FAO. 2003;161p.
Jones R, van Zalinge NP. Estimations of mortality rate and population size for shrimp in Kuwait waters. Kuwait Bulletin of Marine Science.1981;2:273-288.
Riedel R, Caskey LM, Hurlbert SH. Length-weight relations and growth rates of dominant fishes of the Salton Sea: implications for predation by fish-eating birds. Lake and Reservoir Management. 2007;23:528-535.
Doğu Z, Şahinoz E, Faruk Aral F, Şevik R. The growth characteristics of Liza (Mugil) abu (Heckel, 1843) in Atatürk Dam Lake. African Journal of Agricultural Researches. 2013;8(34):4434-4440.
Shadi A, Mediseh SD, Kouchanian P, Gandomi Y. Length-weight relationships for 6 fish species from Khuzestan (North of Persian Gulf), Iran. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences. 2011;3:129-131.
Baloch AB, Ahmed Q, Mohammad Ali Q. Length-weight relationships and condition factors of greenback mullet Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) collected Damb Harbour, Balochistan coast, from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences. 2015;24(1&2):51-60.
Zolkhiflee NB. Distribution of greenback grey mullet, Chelon subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) in relation to environment parameters of Pinang River Estuary, Balik Pulau, Penang, Malaysia. MSc. thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 2016.
Ay S, Gülnaz Özcan G. Some aspects of the biology of Abu mullet Liza abu (Heckel, 1843) in the Orontes River, Turkey. Croatian Journal of Fisheries. 2016;74:49-55.
Birecikligil S, Seçer B, Kelleci M, Aras E, Çiçek E. Determination of some population dynamical parameters of Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) from Ceyhan River basin. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2017;13(1):58-65.
Bilici S. The length-weight relationship and condition factor of two fish species Planiliza abu and Silurus triostegus from the Tigris River before the construction of the Ilisu and Cizre dams on the river. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2021;30(3):3032-3038.
Cuadrado JT, Lim DS, Alcontin RMS, Calang JL, Jumawan JC. Species composition and length-weight relationship of twelve fish species in the two lakes of Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Philippines. FishTaxa. 2019;4(1):1-8.
Pachla LA, Hartmann PB, Massaro MV, dos Santos T, Antonetti DA, Reynalte-Tataje DA. The length-weight relationship of four fish species captured in the Ibicuí River, southern Brazil. Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 2020;36:383-385. DOI:10.1111/jai.14017.
Tetelepta JMS, Natan Y, Pattikawa JA, Bernardus AS. Population parameters and sustainable status of lompa fish Thryssa baelama (Forsskal, 1775) manage through sasi approach at Haruku Village. Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2022;25(2):101-116. Doi.org/10.47853/FAS.2022.e10
Unlü E, Balcı K, Meriç N. Aspects of the biology of Liza abu (Mugilidae) in the Tigris River (Turkey). Cybium. 2000;24(1):27-43.
Mohamed ARM, Al-Jubouri MOA. Fish assemblage structure in Al-Diwaniya River, middle of Iraq. Asian Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. 2017;6(4):10-20.
Mohamed ARM, Hussain SA, Saleh JH. The biology of Green Back Grey mullet Liza subviridis in the northwest Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica. 1998;13(2):375-385.
Bartulovic V, Glamuzina B, Conides A, Dulcic J, Lucic D, Njire J, Kozul V. Age, growth, mortality and sex ratio of sand smelt, Atherina boyeri, Risso, 1810 (Pisces: Atherinidae) in the estuary of the Mala Neretva River (Middle-Eastern Adriatic, Croatia). Journal of Applied Ichthyology. 2004;20:427-430.
Wootton RJ. Growth: environmental effects. In: Farrell AP, editor. Encyclopedia of fish physiology: from genome to environment. Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, United States. 2011.
Panda D, Mohanty SK, Pattnaik,AK, Das S, Karna SK. Growth, mortality and stock status of mullets (Mugilidae) in Chilika Lake, India. Lakes & Reservoirs. 2018; 2018: 1-13.
Jenning S, Kasier M, Reynold J. Marine Fisheries Ecology. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2000;391p.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA, Mutlak FM. Stock Assessment of four fish species in East Hammar marsh, Iraq. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 2016;4(3):620- 627.
Mohamed ARM, Hussein SA, Mutlak FM. Stock Assessment of Greenback mullet, Liza subviridis in East Hammar marsh, Iraq. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2013;26(1):315-327.
Collie JS, Gislason H. Biological reference points for fish stocks in a multispecies context. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2001;58:2167-2176. DOI:10.1139/F01-158
Shepherd JG, Pope JP. Dynamic pool models I: Interpreting the past using Virtual Population Analysis. In: Hart PJB, Reynolds JD, editors. Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries. Vol. 2. Fisheries. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science. 2002.
Mohamed ARM, Abood AN. Population dynamics of three mullets species (Mugilidae) from the Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2020;13(9):22-31.
Almeidaa ZS, Carvalhob IFS, Dinizb ALC, Netaa RNFC, Torresc CL Serra IMRS. Models of sexual maturation as a tool for the conservation of commercial fish in a RAMSAR site of Brazil. Conference Paper in AIP Conference Proceedings. November 2018. DOI: 10.1063/1.5079159
Abou-Seedo FS, Dadzie S. Reproductive cycle in the male and female grey mullet, Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwaiti water of the Arabian Gulf. Cybium. 2004;28:97-104.
Hashemi SR, Kashi M, Safikhani H. Study at the reproductive cycle, GSI and maturation of Liza Klunzingeri in Khuzestan coastal waters. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences. 2013;2(2):35- 39.
Al-Daham NK, Wahab NK. Age, growth and reproduction of the greenback mullet, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes), in an estuary in Southern Iraq. Journal of Fish Biology. 1991;38:81-88.
Ashiq Ur Rahman M, Mohanchander P, Lyla PS, Ajmal Khan S. Reproductive characteristics of greenback mullets, Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from Parangipettai waters (southeast coast of India). International Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology. 2015;3(3):240-250.
Udoh JP, Ukpatu JE. First estimates of growth, recruitment pattern and length-at-first-capture of Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898) in Okoro River estuary, southeast Nigeria. AACL Bioflux. 2017;10(5):1074-1084.
King MM. Fisheries Biology, Assessment and Management. 2nd ed. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2007.
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