Evaluation of Pattern of Antibiotics Utilization among Fish Farmers and Detection of Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline and Ceftriaxone Residue in Fish Samples in Lagos, Nigeria
Israel O. Efejene
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Paulette O. Ogbebor
Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Paulyn O. Ogbebor
Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Osuvwe C. Orororo
*
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
Abdulwasiu A. Busari
Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Sunday O. Olayemi
Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Ibrahim A. Oreagba
Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Favour O. Igari
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Michael E. Aisuodionoe
Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria.
Esthinsheen Osirim
Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
Egoamaka O. Egbune
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Aquaculture uses antibiotics to treat or prevent bacterial infections, however, negative consequences including the emergence and dissemination of resistant pathogenic bacteria are quite concerning. In addition, the persistence of antibiotic residues (ARs) in fish is fast becoming a global health problem. This study assessed the use of antibiotics by fish farmers and the identification of antibiotic residue in fish samples in Lagos West Senatorial District, Lagos State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional study with 50 fish farmers. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the amount of antibiotic residues found in fish muscle, liver, and heart samples. 90% of the 50 farmers were men, and the majority (80%) were between the ages of 20 and 50. 35 fish farmers (70%) engaged in intensive fish farming, 10 (20%) engaged in semi-intensive farming, and 5 (10%) engaged in vast fish farming. For the usage of antibiotic/ drug in fish ponds, 45(90%) of fish farmers were affirmative of antibiotics usage. Five (10%) of fish farmers utilized alternative antibiotic products, while 45 (90%) used tetracycline. Fish heart samples from fish farms at Oshodi/Isolo and Alimosho Local Government Areas (LGAs) had total tetracycline residue concentrations (µg/ml) of 0.28 and 0.4, respectively. Total tetracycline residue concentration per weight (µg/g) in fish heart samples was 0.57 for fish farms at Oshodi/Isolo L.G.A. and 0.82 for fish farms at Alimosho L.G.A. Fish farms at Oshodi/Isolo LGAs had muscle and heart samples with ceftriaxone residues (µg/ml) of 2.13 and 2.7, respectively, whereas fish samples from the Ikotun area had muscle and heart residues of 1.69 and 1.92, respectively. Fish farmers in Lagos State's West Senatorial District utilize antibiotics in aquaculture production in an unregulated and unsupervised manner.
Keywords: Fish, fish farmers, antibiotics, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), antibiotic residues