Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research

Tunda Island has become one of the marine tourism spots that is much considered by tourists because it has good coastal ecosystems. To find out the suitablecondition of Tunda Island waters, benthic foraminifera were used in this area. Foraminifera have the potential to be a bioindicator, which can be seen from the distribution, simple anatomy of the body and its ability to form hard shells. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance and diversity of foraminifera based on shell walls on the surface of the coastal sediments of Tunda Island. This research was conducted on August 2019. Six samples were used in this study to analyze the abundance and diversity of benthic foraminifera based on test walls on the coast of Tunda Island. The analysis showed that only 2 sub-orders were found, namely Rotaliina and Miliolina. The most common sub-orders found in all studied stations are the Rotaliina with an abundance of 55% and 45% for the Miliolina. Calculation of community structure with diversity values ranging from 1.55 to 2.24 and dominance values ranging from 0.13 to 0.38 indicate that environmental conditions are under pressure both naturally and anthropogenically.

Cirata Reservoir mostly functions as a Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) and the location of fish farming with the floating cage system (KJA). Utilization of reservoirs for fish culture in Cirata Reservoir has exceeded the capacity determined by the government. This causes changes in water quality in the waters of the Cirata Reservoir and affects the concentration of heavy metal lead in the waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of heavy metal lead (Pb) that exist in the KJA with different densities in the Cirata Reservoir. This research was conducted on 3 November-8 December 2019 at Cirata Reservoir with sampling stations in  Jangari, Maleber and Patokbeusi. The method used in this research is purposive sampling. The results of the physical-chemical parameter research show that the water temperature at the three stations ranges from 31.9^oC-34.5^oC, air temperature 27^oC-32^oC, transparency 53.5-76 cm, pH 6.87-7.67, CO₂ 8,4-16.8 mg/L, BOD 1.1-20.5 mg/L and DO 5.83-9.72 mg/L. The results of Pb measurements in water ranges from 0,001 to 0,029 mg/L. Pb measurements in plankton ranges from 0.001 to 0.039 mg/L. Pb bioconcentration factor values ​​range from 1.27 - 2.40. These              results indicate that aquatic organisms in the Cirata Reservoir can accumulate metals in their bodies.

Cirata Reservoir is built with water sources originating from the Citarum River. Cirata Reservoir mainly use as a hydroelectric power plant and fish cultivation area with a floating net cage system. The utilization of a reservoir for the cultivation of fish in the Cirata Reservoir had exceeded the specified capacity by the government. That matter had caused the water quality to change in waters of the Cirata Reservoir. Phytoplankton is the first organism that is affected because the degradation of water quality. The purpose of this research is to determine the structure community of phytoplankton in floating net cage areas with different density and water flow at Cirata Reservoir. This research was conducted on November 16 - December 8 of 2019 in the Cirata Reservoir with sampling station located at Jangari, Meleber, and Patokbeusi. The method that was used in this research was purposive sampling method. The result of physic-chemical parameter of this research showed that temperature at all station ranged between 31,9-34,5°C, transparency 53,5-76 cm, pH 6,87-7,67, CO₂  8,4-16,8 mg/L, BOD₅ 1,1-20,5 mg/L, DO 5,83-9,72 mg/L, nitrate 0,169-0,241 mg/L, ammonia 0,001-0,241 mg/L, and phosphate 0,131-0,195 mg/L. The result of phytoplankton community structure indicated that composition of phytoplankton had 30 genera with Chlorophyceae class as the most dominant. The abundance of phytoplankton during research was ranged between 49.570-338.450 ind/L, diversity index 0,78-0,88, domination index 0,12-0,22, and saprobic index 1,04-1,59. Saprobic index indicated that water in each station was included in mild to moderate pollution category or in the β-Meso/ oligosaprobic phased which was showed by the large number of Gloeocystis and Glenodinium genera.

Background: Illicit disposal of scraped out endocarp of bottle gourds as part of processing activity for domestic use into the aquatic environment pose a big threat to the aquatic ecosystem. This study investigated the toxicity effects of crude fruit endocarp extracts of L. siceraria on C. gariepinus juveniles.

Methodology: 120 mixed sex of C. gariepinus juveniles of mean weight and length (19.59 ±0.42 g; 14.6 ±0.80 cm) respectively were investigated. The fish were divided into 6 groups of 10 fish in each aquarium containing 5, 20, 35, 50 and 65 mg/L concentration of aqueous extract of L. siceraria and 0.00 mg/L (control) respectively with replicates for Four (4) days for acute toxicity analysis. The animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected for biochemical and isolation of the gills and liver for histopathological studies.

Results: Experimental media pH, free carbon (iv) oxide, total alkalinity contents increased while dissolved oxygen decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in concentration in the acute bioassay. Temperature did not differ significantly (P>0.05) in all the groups thus, did not affect fish survival. Furthermore, AST, ALT and LDH profiles in blood serum of fish exposed to acute concentrations exhibited a significant increase (P<0.05) with increase in concentration. The exposed gills revealed progressive striking histological alterations viz. thickening and shortening of secondary lamellae, degeneration of connective tissue and complete loss of secondary lamella while the liver showed progressive histo-architectural distortions such as hepatic hypertrophy, cellular degeneration (necrosis), haemorrhage and intracellular infiltration with increase in concentration of the L. siceraria extract.

Conclusion: Aqueous extract of L. siceraria had adverse effect on juveniles of C. gariepinus, as evident in the negative modification of the body physiology via biochemical and histological investigations, thus toxic to the aquatic life. Further investigations on other vital organs - kidney, heart, GIT and the reproductive organs are recommended.

In this work the researcher is looking for natural, new, safe, cheap and available compounds that can be used as antimicrobial and antioxidant in the medical and agricultural fields. A sulfated polysaccharide, Ulvan was extracted from Ulva lactuca and purified by cold or hot water-extraction and ethanol-precipitation with yield = 5:10% (w-w). Its appearance and touch like gel. Characterization of active groups of Ulvan was achieved by FT-IR spectroscopy, its content of sulfate = 3.998% (w-w) was determined by Ion Chromatography (IC), its molecular weight = 532.221 Kilo Daltons was determined by Gel permeation chromatography, its thermal stability was evaluated by DSC-TGA, its viscosity = 18 was determined by viscometer apparatus and its antimicrobial activity was studied against human, plant, animal, fish and poultry pathogens. Ulvan showed antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ = 3.04 mg/ml. Its biological activity as an antioxidant and antimicrobial may be a good indication for the use of Ulvan against various pathogens as a preservative in food processing and cosmetics and as antioxidant and antimicrobial in medicine against human pathogen.